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Key flowering genes,  FD  and  FD PARALOGUE (FDP ) encoding bZIP transcription factors that interact with a FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in  Arabidopsis  were ectopically expressed in rice since we found AtFD and AtFDP also interact with HEADING DATE 3a (Hd3a) and RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (RFT1). Transgenic rice plants overexpressing  AtFD  and  AtFDP  caused reduction in plant height and spikelet size with decreased expression of genes involved in cell elongation without significant flowering time alteration in spite of increased expression of  OsMADS14  and  OsMADS15 , rice homologues of  APETALA1 (AP1 ) in the leaves. Simultaneous overexpression of  AtFD  and  AtFDP  enhanced phenotypes seen with overexpression of either single gene while transgenic rice plants expressing  AtFD  or  AtFDP  under the control of phloem-specific  Hd3a  promoter were indistinguishable from wild-type rice. Candidate genes responsible for the phenotypes were identified by comparison of microarray hybridization and their expression pattern was also examined in WT and transgenic rice plants. It has so far not been reported that  AtFD  and  AtFDP  affect cell elongation in plants, and our findings provide novel insight into the possible roles of  AtFD  and  AtFDP  in the mesophyll cells of plants, and potential genetic tools for manipulation of crop architecture.

Ectopic expression of Arabidopsis FD and FD PARALOGUE in rice results in dwarfism with size reduction of spikelets