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Cold shock proteins (CSPs) enhance acclimatization of bacteria to adverse environmental circumstances. The  Escherichia coli  CSP genes  CspA  and  CspB  were modified to plant-preferred codon sequences and named as  SeCspA  and  SeCspB . Overexpression of exogenous  SeCspA  and  SeCspB  in transgenic  Arabidopsis  lines increased germination rates, survival rates, and increased primary root length compared to control plants under drought and salt stress. Investigation of several stress-related parameters in  SeCspA  and  SeCspB  transgenic wheat lines indicated that these lines possessed stress tolerance characteristics, including lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content, lower water loss rates, lower relative Na +  content, and higher chlorophyll content and proline content than the control wheat plants under drought and salt stresses. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR expression analysis showed that overexpression of  SeCsp  could enhance the expression of stress-responsive genes. The field experiments showed that the  SeCspA  transgenic wheat lines had great increases in the 1000-grain weight and grain yield compared to the control genotype under drought stress conditions. Significant differences in the stress indices revealed that the  SeCspA  transgenic wheat lines possessed significant and stable improvements in drought tolerance over the control plants. No such improvement was observed for the  SeCspB  transgenic lines under field conditions. Our results indicated that  SeCspA  conferred drought tolerance and improved physiological traits in wheat plants.

Improved drought tolerance in wheat plants overexpressing a synthetic bacterial cold shock protein gene SeCspA