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The genus  Dendrobium  was used as a case study to elucidate the evolutionary history of Orchidaceae in the Sino-Japanese Floristic Region (SJFR) and Southeast Asia region. These evolutionary histories remain largely unknown, including the temporal and spatial distribution of the evolutionary events. The present study used nuclear and plastid DNA to determine the phylogeography of  Dendrobium officinale  and four closely related taxa. Plastid DNA haplotype and nuclear data were shown to be discordant, suggesting reticulate evolution drove the species’ diversification. Rapid radiation and genetic drift appeared to drive the evolution of  D. tosaense  and  D. flexicaule , whereas introgression or hybridization might have been involved in the evolution of  D. scoriarum  and  D. shixingense . The phylogeographical structure of  D. officinale  revealed that core natural distribution regions might have served as its glacial refuges. In recent years, human disturbances caused its artificial migration and population extinction. The five taxa may have originated from the Nanling Mountains and the Yungui Plateau and then migrated northward or eastward. After the initial iteration expansion,  D. officinale  populations appeared to experience the regional evolutionary patterns in different regions and follow the sequential or rapid decline in gene exchange.

Iteration expansion and regional evolution: phylogeography of Dendrobium officinale and four related taxa in southern China