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Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is present ubiquitously in marine surface waters where it is a reactive intermediate in the cycling of many trace elements. Photochemical processes are considered the dominant natural H 2 O 2  source, yet cannot explain nanomolar H 2 O 2  concentrations below the photic zone. Here, we determined the concentration of H 2 O 2  in full depth profiles across three ocean basins (Mediterranean Sea, South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans). To determine the accuracy of H 2 O 2  measurements in the deep ocean we also re-assessed the contribution of interfering species to ‘apparent H 2 O 2 ’, as analysed by the luminol based chemiluminescence technique. Within the vicinity of coastal oxygen minimum zones, accurate measurement of H 2 O 2  was not possible due to interference from Fe(II). Offshore, in deep (>1000 m) waters H 2 O 2  concentrations ranged from 0.25 ± 0.27 nM (Mediterranean, Balearics-Algeria) to 2.9 ± 2.2 nM (Mediterranean, Corsica-France). Our results indicate that a dark, pelagic H 2 O 2  production mechanism must occur throughout the deep ocean. A bacterial source of H 2 O 2  is the most likely origin and we show that this source is likely sufficient to account for all of the observed H 2 O 2  in the deep ocean.

Hydrogen peroxide in deep waters from the Mediterranean Sea, South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans