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The aim of this study was to explore the associations and differences in influencing factors between alcoholic liver disease (ALD) coupled with  Helicobacter pylori  infection and atherosclerosis and to determine whether there is a “double hit phenomenon” in atherosclerosis patients with ALD and  H. pylori  infections. Included cases (n = 160) were categorized into 4 groups: 41 cases of ALD coupled with  H. pylori  infections (group A), 35 cases of  H. pylori  infections without ALD (group B), 37 cases of ALD without  H. pylori  infections (group C), and 47 normal control cases (group D). CIMT was significantly greater in group A than in groups B and D (P = 0.005 and P = 0.001, respectively). The GLM univariate analysis found that CIMT was significantly greater in group A than in groups B, C and D (P = 0.018, P = 0.001 and P = 0.009, respectively). We found that BMI and ALT, AST and ApoB levels were independent predictors of CIMT (P = 0.000, P = 0.000, P = 0.012 and P = 0.014, respectively). ALD coupled with  H. pylori  infection may result in significant CIMT thickening, but  H. pylori  infection without ALD and ALD without  H. pylori  infection does not, suggesting that a “double hit phenomenon” occurs. Additionally, BMI, and ALT, AST and ApoB levels were independent risk factors for increased CIMT.

The Correlation and Risk Factors between Carotid Intima-Media Thickening and Alcoholic Liver Disease Coupled with Helicobacter pylori Infection