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In contrast to the abundant fossil record of arctic ground squirrels,  Urocitellus parryii , from eastern Beringia, only a limited number of fossils is known from its western part. In 1946, unnamed GULAG prisoners discovered a nest with three mummified carcasses of arctic ground squirrels in the permafrost sediments of the El’ga river, Yakutia, Russia, that were later attributed to a new species,  Citellus (Urocitellus) glacialis  Vinogr. To verify this assignment and to explore phylogenetic relationships between ancient and present-day arctic ground squirrels, we performed  14 C dating and ancient DNA analyses of one of the El’ga mummies and four contemporaneous fossils from Duvanny Yar, northeastern Yakutia. Phylogenetic reconstructions, based on complete  cytochrome b  gene sequences of five Late Pleistocene arctic ground squirrels and those of modern  U. parryii  from 21 locations across western Beringia, provided no support for earlier proposals that ancient arctic ground squirrels from Siberia constitute a distinct species. In fact, we observed genetic continuity of the  glacialis  mitochondrial DNA lineage in modern  U. parryii  of the Kamchatka peninsula. When viewed in a broader geographic perspective, our findings provide new insights into the genetic history of  U. parryii  in Late Pleistocene Beringia.

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DNA analysis of a 30,000-year-old Urocitellus glacialis from northeastern Siberia reveals phylogenetic relationships between ancient and present-day arctic ground squirrels