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T1C-19, a newly developed transgenic  cry1C  rice line, expresses  cry1C  under the control of the maize ubiquitin promoter, and is highly resistant to lepidopteran pests of rice.  Cyrtorhinus lividipennis  is the major predator of the eggs and young nymphs of  Nilaparvata lugens , which is the main non-target sap-sucking insect pest of  Bt  rice.  C. lividipennis  may be exposed to Cry1C protein, thus biosafety evaluations of transgenic  cry1C  rice on  C. lividipennis  should be conducted before the commercialization of T1C-19. In the current study, we tested the direct toxicity of elevated doses of Cry1C to  C. lividipennis , effects of T1C-19 on the life-table parameters of  C. lividipennis  via preying planthoppers, and effects of T1C-19 on the population density and dynamics in rice fields. No detrimental effects on development, survival, female ratio and body weight of  C. lividipennis  were caused by direct exposure to elevated doses of the Cry1C protein or prey-mediated exposure to realistic doses of the protein. The population density and dynamics did not significantly differ between  C. lividipennis  in T1C-19 and non-transgenic rice fields. Thus, transgenic  cry1C  rice had no negative effects on  C. lividipennis . This is the first report of the effects of transgenic  cry1C  rice on  C. lividipennis .

The tiered-evaluation of the effects of transgenic cry1c rice on Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, a main predator of Nilaparvata lugens