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Ocean acidification is a major threat for marine life but seagrasses are expected to benefit from high CO 2 .  In situ  (long-term) and transplanted (short-term) plant incubations of the seagrass  Cymodocea nodosa  were performed near and away the influence of volcanic CO 2  vents at Vulcano Island to test the hypothesis of beneficial effects of CO 2  on plant productivity. We relate, for the first time, the expression of photosynthetic, antioxidant and metal detoxification-related genes to net plant productivity (NPP). Results revealed a consistent pattern between gene expression and productivity indicating water origin as the main source of variability. However, the hypothesised beneficial effect of high CO 2  around vents was not supported. We observed a consistent long- and short-term pattern of gene down-regulation and 2.5-fold NPP decrease in plants incubated in water from the vents and a generalized up-regulation and NPP increase in plants from the vent site incubated with water from the Reference site. Contrastingly, NPP of specimens experimentally exposed to a CO 2  range significantly correlated with CO 2  availability. The down-regulation of metal-related genes in  C. nodosa  leaves exposed to water from the venting site suggests that other factors than heavy metals, may be at play at Vulcano confounding the CO 2  effects.

Linking gene expression to productivity to unravel long- and short-term responses of seagrasses exposed to CO2 in volcanic vents