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Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a newly emerging shrimp disease caused by  pirAB  toxins encoded by a plasmid found in  Vibrio parahaemolyticus . The  pirAB  toxins are the homologs of the  Photorhabdus  insect-related (Pir) toxins. Here, we report the complete sequences of the AHPND-causing plasmid isolated from  V. owensii , as well as those of its 11 siblings (pVH family). In addition, we also included 13 related plasmids (pVH-r family) without the  pirAB  genes isolated from a variety of species within the  Vibrio  Harveyi clade. Furthermore, the  pirAB -Tn903 composite transposon was identified in pVH, and both ends of the transposon appeared to have inserted simultaneously into the ancestor plasmid at different sites. The homologue counterparts of  pirAB  were also detected in a non-pVH plasmid in  V. campbellii . Taken together, our results provide novel insights into the acquisition and evolution of  pirAB  as well as related plasmids in the  Vibrio  Harveyi clade.

Shrimp AHPND-causing plasmids encoding the PirAB toxins as mediated by pirAB-Tn903 are prevalent in various Vibrio species