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Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) recognizes muramyl dipeptide (MDP) of bacterial cell walls, triggering NFκB-induced pro-inflammation. As most human pathogenic filariae contain  Wolbachia  endobacteria that synthesize the MDP-containing cell wall precursor lipid II, NOD2’s role during infection with the rodent filaria  Litomosoides sigmodontis  was investigated. In NFκB reporter-cells, worm-extract containing  Wolbachia  induced NOD2 and NOD1. NOD2-deficient mice infected with  L. sigmodontis  had significantly more worms than wildtype controls early in infection. Increased worm burden was not observed after subcutaneous infection, suggesting that protective NOD2-dependent immune responses occur within the skin. Flow cytometry demonstrated that neutrophil recruitment to the skin was impaired in NOD2 −/−  mice after intradermal injection of third stage larvae (L3), and blood neutrophil numbers were reduced after  L. sigmodontis  infection. PCR array supported the requirement of NOD2 for recruitment of neutrophils to the skin, as genes associated with neutrophil recruitment and activation were downregulated in NOD2 −/−  mice after intradermal L3 injection. Neutrophil depletion before  L. sigmodontis  infection increased worm recovery in wildtype mice, confirming that neutrophils are essential against invading L3 larvae. This study indicates that NOD-like receptors are implemented in first-line protective immune responses against filarial nematodes.

NOD2 dependent neutrophil recruitment is required for early protective immune responses against infectious Litomosoides sigmodontis L3 larvae