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Gut-associated microbiota of ants include Rhizobiales bacteria with affiliation to the genus  Bartonella . These bacteria may enable the ants to fix atmospheric nitrogen, but no genomes have been sequenced yet to test the hypothesis. Sequence reads from a member of the Rhizobiales were identified in the data collected in a genome project of the ant  Harpegnathos saltator . We present an analysis of the closed 1.86 Mb genome of the ant-associated bacterium, for which we suggest the species name  Candidatus  Tokpelaia hoelldoblerii. A phylogenetic analysis reveals a relationship to  Bartonella  and  Brucella , which infect mammals. Novel gene acquisitions include a gene for a putative extracellular protein of more than 6,000 amino acids secreted by the type I secretion system, which may be involved in attachment to the gut epithelium. No genes for nitrogen fixation could be identified, but genes for a multi-subunit urease protein complex are present in the genome. The urease genes are also present in  Brucella,  which has a fecal-oral transmission pathway, but not in  Bartonella , which use blood-borne transmission pathways. We hypothesize that the gain and loss of the urease function is related to transmission strategies and lifestyle changes in the host-associated members of the Rhizobiales.

The genome of Rhizobiales bacteria in predatory ants reveals urease gene functions but no genes for nitrogen fixation