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Adults of the lady beetle species  Harmonia axyridis  (Pallas) are bred artificially en masse for classic biological control, which requires egg-laying by the  H. axyridis  ovary. Development-related genes may impact the growth of the  H. axyridis  adult ovary but have not been reported. Here, we used integrative time-series RNA-seq analysis of the ovary in  H. axyridis  adults to detect development-related genes. A total of 28,558 unigenes were functionally annotated using seven types of databases to obtain an annotated unigene database for ovaries in  H. axyridis  adults. We also analysed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between samples. Based on a combination of the results of this bioinformatics analysis with literature reports and gene expression level changes in four different stages, we focused on the development of oocyte reproductive stem cell and yolk formation process and identified 26 genes with high similarity to development-related genes. 20 DEGs were randomly chosen for quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to validate the accuracy of the RNA-seq results. This study establishes a robust pipeline for the discovery of key genes using high-throughput sequencing and the identification of a class of development-related genes for characterization.

Identification of Development-Related Genes in the Ovaries of Adult Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) Lady Beetles Using a Time- Series Analysis by RNA-seq