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Nowadays, the multi-crystalline silicon ( mc -Si) solar cells dominate the photovoltaic industry. However, the current acid etching method on  mc -Si surface used by firms can hardly suppress the average reflectance value below 25% in the visible light spectrum. Meanwhile, the nitric acid and the hydrofluoric contained in the etching solution is both environmental unfriendly and highly toxic to human. Here, a  mc -Si solar cell based on ZnO nanostructures and an Al 2 O 3  spacer layer is demonstrated. The eco-friendly fabrication is realized by low temperature atomic layer deposition of Al 2 O 3  layer as well as ZnO seed layer. Moreover, the ZnO nanostructures are prepared by nontoxic and low cost hydro-thermal growth process. Results show that the best passivation quality of the  n  +  -type  mc -Si surface can be achieved by balancing the Si dangling bond saturation level and the negative charge concentration in the Al 2 O 3  film. Moreover, the average reflectance on cell surface can be suppressed to 8.2% in 400–900 nm range by controlling the thickness of ZnO seed layer. With these two combined refinements, a maximum solar cell efficiency of 15.8% is obtained eventually. This work offer a facile way to realize the environmental friendly fabrication of high performance  mc -Si solar cells.

scientific reports

Realizing a facile and environmental-friendly fabrication of high-performance multi-crystalline silicon solar cells by employing ZnO nanostructures and an Al2O3 passivation layer