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To develop an effective, safe, and convenient vaccine for the prevention of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, we have constructed a recombinant  Bacillus subtilis  strain ( B.S.-HA ) expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Then we evaluated the immune function in chicken bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs), and the immune response after oral immunization. Our results show that the recombinant  Bacillus subtilis B.S.-HA  could be sampled by BM-DCs  in vitro  and increase the BM-DCs major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II phenotype. The weight, height of the small intestine villus, and lymphoid tissue area of the ileum increased significantly in  B.S.-HA  immunized chickens ( P  < 0.05 or  P  < 0.01).  B.S.-HA  induced the secretion of cytokines and the expression of Toll-like receptors in the trachea and small intestine ( P  < 0.05 or  P  < 0.01). In addition,  B.S.-HA  elevated the specific IgA titers in the trachea, IgG and HI antibody titers in serum ( P  < 0.05 or  P  < 0.01). Therefore,  B.S.-HA  provides a potential novel strategy and approach for developing an H5N1 vaccine.

Immune Responses Induced by Recombinant Bacillus Subtilis Expressing the Hemagglutinin Protein of H5N1 in chickens