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When produced biologically, especially by photosynthetic organisms, hydrogen gas (H 2 ) is arguably the cleanest fuel available. An important limitation to the discovery or synthesis of better H 2 -producing enzymes is the absence of methods for the high-throughput screening of H 2  production in biological systems. Here, we re-engineered the natural H 2  sensing system of  Rhodobacter capsulatus  to direct the emission of LacZ-dependent fluorescence in response to nitrogenase-produced H 2 . A  lacZ  gene was placed under the control of the  hupA  H 2 -inducible promoter in a strain lacking the uptake hydrogenase and the  nifH  nitrogenase gene. This system was then used in combination with fluorescence-activated cell sorting flow cytometry to screen large libraries of nitrogenase Fe protein variants generated by random mutagenesis. Exact correlation between fluorescence emission and H 2  production levels was found for all automatically selected strains. One of the selected H 2 -overproducing Fe protein variants lacked 40% of the wild-type amino acid sequence, a surprising finding for a protein that is highly conserved in nature. We propose that this method has great potential to improve microbial H 2  production by allowing powerful approaches such as the directed evolution of nitrogenases and hydrogenases.

Hydrogen overproducing nitrogenases obtained by random mutagenesis and high-throughput screening