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Abiotic stress seriously affects the yield of rice ( Oryza sativa  L.). Grain yield in rice is multiplicatively determined by the number of panicles, number of grains per panicle, and grain weight. Here, we describe the molecular and functional characterization of  STRESS_tolerance and GRAIN_LENGTH (OsSGL ), a rice gene strongly up-regulated by a wide spectrum of abiotic stresses.  OsSGL  encodes a putative member of the DUF1645 protein family of unknown function. Overexpression of  OsSGL  significantly altered certain development processes greatly and positively affecting an array of traits in transgenic rice plants, including increased grain length, grain weight and grain number per panicle, resulting in a significant increase in yield. Microscopical analysis showed that the enhanced  OsSGL  expression promoted cell division and grain filling. Microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that a large number of genes involved in stress-response, cell cycle and cytokinin signaling processes were induced or suppressed in  OsSGL- overexpressing plants. Together, our results suggest that  OsSGL  may regulate stress-tolerance and cell growth by acting via a cytokinin signaling pathway. This study not only contributes to our understanding of the underlying mechanism regulating rice stress-tolerance and grain length, but also provides a strategy for tailor-made crop yield improvement.

OsSGL, a novel pleiotropic stress-related gene enhances grain length and yield in rice