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Combination of anti-retroviral therapy, high-dose chemotherapy (HCT) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has led to an improved survival of HIV +  non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients. We compared T- and B-cell subset recovery and related capability to respond to  in-vitro  stimulation, as well as T-cell repertoire modifications of HIV +  and HIV −  NHL patients undergoing HCT and ASCT as first-line consolidation or salvage treatment, using sequential blood samples obtained before and at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after ASCT. B lymphocyte recovery occurred earlier, reaching higher levels in HIV +  patients as compared to HIV −  patients and healthy controls; in particular, immature and naïve B cells were significantly higher in HIV +  patients who had received rituximab in the pre-ASCT period. These lymphocytes equally responded to  in-vitro  stimulation. Newly produced T cells similarly increased in HIV +  and HIV −  NHL patients, but their levels remained constantly lower than in healthy controls. T lymphocytes showed a reduced proliferative capacity, but their repertoire was reassorted by the treatment. The functional and numeric B-cell recovery and the qualitative modifications of T-cell receptor repertoire may explain, at least in part, the success of this aggressive therapeutic approach in HIV +  patients.

B- and T-lymphocyte number and function in HIV+/HIV− lymphoma patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation