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Jatropha curcas  seeds are an excellent biofuel feedstock, but seed yields of  Jatropha  are limited by its poor flowering and fruiting ability. Thus, identifying genes controlling flowering is critical for genetic improvement of seed yield. We isolated the  JcLFY , a  Jatropha  ortholog of  Arabidopsis thaliana LEAFY  ( LFY ), and identified  JcLFY  function by overexpressing it in  Arabidopsis  and  Jatropha .  JcLFY  is expressed in  Jatropha  inflorescence buds, flower buds, and carpels, with highest expression in the early developmental stage of flower buds.  JcLFY  overexpression induced early flowering, solitary flowers, and terminal flowers in  Arabidopsis , and also rescued the delayed flowering phenotype of  lfy-15 , a  LFY  loss-of-function  Arabidopsis  mutant. Microarray and qPCR analysis revealed several flower identity and flower organ development genes were upregulated in  JcLFY -overexpressing  Arabidopsis. JcLFY  overexpression in  Jatropha  also induced early flowering. Significant changes in inflorescence structure, floral organs, and fruit shape occurred in  JcLFY  co-suppressed plants in which expression of several flower identity and floral organ development genes were changed. This suggests  JcLFY  is involved in regulating flower identity, floral organ patterns, and fruit shape, although  JcLFY  function in  Jatropha  floral meristem determination is not as strong as that of  Arabidopsis .

An ortholog of LEAFY in Jatropha curcas regulates flowering time and floral organ development