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While batteries offer electronic source and sink in electronic devices,atomic analogues of source and sink and their theoretical descriptions havebeen a challenge in cold-atom systems. Here we consider dynamically emergedlocal potentials as controllable source and sink for bosonic atoms. Although asink potential can collect bosons in equlibrium and indicate its usefulness inthe adiabatic limit, sudden switching of the potential exhibits loweffectiveness in pushing bosons into it. This is due to conservation of energyand particle in isolated systems such as cold atoms. By varying the potentialdepth and interaction strength, the systems can further exhibit averseresponse, where a deeper emerged potential attracts less bosonic atoms into it.To explore possibilities for improving the effectiveness, we investigate whattypes of system-environment coupling can help bring bosons into a dynamicallyemerged sink, and a Lindblad operator corresponding to local cooling is foundto serve the purpose.

Challenges and constraints of dynamically emerged source and sink in atomtronic circuits: From closed-system to open-system approaches