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Low hydrophilicity of graphene is one of the major obstacles for biomaterials application. To create some hydrophilic groups on graphene is addressed this issue. Herein, COOH +  ion implantation modified graphene (COOH + /graphene) and COOH functionalized graphene were designed by physical ion implantation and chemical methods, respectively. The structure and surface properties of COOH + /graphene and COOH functionalized graphene were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle measurement. Compared with graphene, COOH + /graphene and COOH functionalized graphene revealed improvement of cytocompatibility, including  in vitro  cell viability and morphology. More importantly, COOH + /graphene exhibited better improvement effects than functionalized graphene. For instance, COOH + /graphene with 1 × 10 18  ions/cm 2  showed the best cell-viability, proliferation and stretching. This study demonstrated that ion implantation can better improve the cytocompatibility of the graphene.

Enhancement of interaction of L-929 cells with functionalized graphene via COOH+ ion implantation vs. chemical method