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Trihelix genes play important roles in plant growth and development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we identified 56 full-length trihelix genes in  Populus trichocarpa  and classified them into five groups. Most genes within a given group had similar gene structures and conserved motifs. The trihelix genes were unequally distributed across 19 different linkage groups. Fifteen paralogous pairs were identified, 14 of which have undergone segmental duplication events. Promoter  cis -element analysis indicated that most trihelix genes contain stress- or phytohormone-related  cis -elements. The expression profiles of the trihelix genes suggest that they are primarily expressed in leaves and roots. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that members of the trihelix gene family are significantly induced in response to osmotic, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate and pathogen infection.  PtrGT10  was identified as a target gene of miR172d, which is involved in the osmotic response. Repression of  PtrGT10  could increase reactive oxygen species scavenging ability and decrease cell death. This study provides novel insights into the phylogenetic relationships and functions of the  P. trichocarpa  trihelix genes, which will aid future functional studies investigating the divergent roles of trihelix genes belonging to other species.

Comprehensive analysis of trihelix genes and their expression under biotic and abiotic stresses in Populus trichocarpa