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Photodynamic therapy is an emerging cancer treatment that is particularly adapted for localized malignant tumor. The phototherapeutic agent is generally injected in the bloodstream and circulates in the whole organism as a chemotherapeutic agent, but needs light triggering to induce localized therapeutic effects. We found that one of the responses of  in vitro  and  in vivo  cancer cells to photodynamic therapy was a massive production and emission of extracellular vesicles (EVs): only 1 hour after the photo-activation, thousands of vesicles per cell were emitted in the extracellular medium. A similar effect has been found after treatment with Doxorubicin (chemotherapy), but far less EVs were produced, even 24 hours after the treatment. Furthermore, we found that the released EVs could transfer extracellular membrane components, drugs and even large intracellular objects to naive target cells.  In vivo , photodynamic treatment and chemotherapy increased the levels of circulating EVs several fold, confirming the vast induction of cancer cell vesiculation triggered by anti-cancer therapies.

Massive release of extracellular vesicles from cancer cells after photodynamic treatment or chemotherapy