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The cytochrome P450  CYP6ER1  has been reported to play an important role in imidacloprid resistance of the brown planthopper (BPH),  Nilaparvata lugens , and is overexpressed in most resistant populations. In the present study, we confirmed that  CYP6ER1  expression can be induced by certain levels of imidacloprid. Developmental expression analysis revealed that  CYP6ER1  was expressed highly in the adult stage, and tissue distribution analysis showed that  CYP6ER1  was expressed mainly in the fat body and midgut. RNA interference (RNAi) of  CYP6ER1  and transgenic expression of  CYP6ER1  in  Drosophila melanogaster  both suggested that the expression of  CYP6ER1  is sufficient to confer imidacloprid resistance. Furthermore, we analyzed the interaction of imidacloprid and CYP6ER1 monooxygenase by using dynamic simulations and molecular docking. We found that Nitrogen atoms in the heterocycle of the imidacloprid molecule may bind to iron atoms in the center of the homology model of CYP6ER1 via 4,5-dihedro-1H-imidazole. This finding contributes to a better understanding of how CYP6ER1 takes part in the insecticide metabolism.

Functional analysis of CYP6ER1, a P450 gene associated with imidacloprid resistance in Nilaparvata lugens