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In this study we isolated 109  Enterococcus faecalis  from chicken faecal samples in 6 provinces of China to investigate the prevalence and transmission mechanism of the bacitracin resistance locus  bcrABDR  in  E. faecalis . Thirty-seven  bcrABDR -positive  E. faecalis  were detected with 26 different PFGE clusters. The MLST of 14 positive strains belonged to ST16 and we also detected three new sequence types. S1-PFGE analysis indicated that the locus was located on plasmids presenting different sizes, with the most prevalent size being ~50 kb (13/37). Sequence analysis revealed that 17 out of the 37 strains harbored a 5400-bp central region, in which locus  bcrABDR  was bracketed by two IS Enfa1  of the same orientation. Two types of  bcrABDR  alleles, differing in around 10% of their sequence were found. In silico analysis showed that  bcrABDR  is present in a variety of bacteria including the chicken commensal  Enterococcus cecorum . Our results indicate that the use of bacitracin at farms might trigger the emergence and spread of the bacitracin resistance determinant  bcrABDR  among human bacterial pathogens. The finding of  bcrABDR  in the chicken commensal  E. cecorum  indicates that farm animals microbiota can be an important reservoir of resistance genes with relevance for human health.

Multilevel selection of bcrABDR-mediated bacitracin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis from chicken farms