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One-dimensional γ-Al 2 O 3  nanofibers were modified with Nb 2 O 5  to be used as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst to catalyze biomass into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). At low Nb 2 O 5  loading, the niobia species were well dispersed on γ-Al 2 O 3  nanofiber through Nb–O–Al bridge bonds. The interaction between Nb 2 O 5  precursor and γ-Al 2 O 3  nanofiber results in the niobia species with strong Lewis acid sites and intensive Brønsted acid sites, which made 5-HMF yield from glucose to reach the maximum 55.9~59.0% over Nb 2 O 5 -γ-Al 2 O 3  nanofiber with a loading of 0.5~1 wt% Nb 2 O 5  at 150 °C for 4 h in dimethyl sulfoxide. However, increasing Nb 2 O 5  loading could lead to the formation of two-dimensional polymerized niobia species, three-dimensional polymerized niobia species and crystallization, which significantly influenced the distribution and quantity of the Lewis acid sites and Brönst acid sites over Nb 2 O 5 -γ-Al 2 O 3  nanofiber. Lewis acid site Nb δ+  played a key role on the isomerization of glucose to fructose, while Brønsted acid sites are more active for the dehydration of generated fructose to 5-HMF. In addition, the heterogeneous Nb 2 O 5 -γ-Al 2 O 3  nanofiber catalyst with suitable ratio of Lewis acid to Brönsted sites should display an more excellent catalytic performance in the conversion of glucose to 5-HMF.

Nb2O5-γ-Al2O3 nanofibers as heterogeneous catalysts for efficient conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural