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The mating system transition in polyploid  Brassica napus  (AACC) from out-crossing to selfing is a typical trait to differentiate it from their diploid progenitors. Elucidating the mechanism of mating system transition has profound consequences for understanding the speciation and evolution in  B. napus . Functional complementation experiment has shown that the insertion of 3.6 kb into the promoter of self-incompatibility male determining gene,  BnSP11-1  leads to its loss of function in  B. napus . The inserted fragment was found to be a non-autonomous  Helitron  transposon. Further analysis showed that the inserted 3.6 kb non-autonomous  Helitron  transposon was widely distributed in  B. napus  accessions which contain the  S  haplotype  BnS-1 . Through promoter deletion analysis, an enhancer and a putative cis-regulatory element (TTCTA) that were required for spatio-temporal specific expression of  BnSP11-1  were identified, and both might be disrupted by the insertion of  Helitron  transposon. We suggested that the insertion of  Helitron  transposons in the promoter of  BnSP11-1  gene had altered the mating system and might facilitated the speciation of  B. napus . Our findings have profound consequences for understanding the self-compatibility in  B. napus  as well as for the trait variations during evolutionary process of plant polyploidization.

Helitron-like transposons contributed to the mating system transition from out-crossing to self-fertilizing in polyploid Brassica napus L.