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Here, we propose the use of magnetic hyperthermia as a means to trigger the oxidation of Fe 1−x O/Fe 3−δ O 4  core-shell nanocubes to Fe 3−δ O 4  phase. As a first relevant consequence, the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the initial core-shell nanocubes doubles after exposure to 25 cycles of alternating magnetic field stimulation. The improved SAR value was attributed to a gradual transformation of the Fe 1−x O core to Fe 3−δ O 4 , as evidenced by structural analysis including high resolution electron microscopy and Rietveld analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns. The magnetically oxidized nanocubes, having large and coherent Fe 3−δ O 4  domains, reveal high saturation magnetization and behave superparamagnetically at room temperature. In comparison, the treatment of the same starting core-shell nanocubes by commonly used thermal annealing process renders a transformation to γ-Fe 2 O 3 . In contrast to other thermal annealing processes, the method here presented has the advantage of promoting the oxidation at a macroscopic temperature below 37 °C. Using this soft oxidation process, we demonstrate that biotin-functionalized core-shell nanocubes can undergo a mild self-oxidation transformation without losing their functional molecular binding activity.

Facile transformation of FeO/Fe3O4 core-shell nanocubes to Fe3O4 via magnetic stimulation