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The objective of this study was to investigate how the relationships between bacterial communities and organic C (SOC) in topsoil (0–5 cm) are affected by tillage practices [conventional intensive tillage (CT) or no-tillage (NT)] and straw-returning methods [crop straw returning (S) or removal (NS)] under a rice-wheat rotation in central China. Soil bacterial communities were determined by high-throughput sequencing technology. After two cycles of annual rice-wheat rotation, compared with CT treatments, NT treatments generally had significantly more bacterial genera and monounsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (MUFA/STFA), but a decreased gram-positive bacteria/gram-negative bacteria ratio (G + /G − ). S treatments had significantly more bacterial genera and MUFA/STFA, but had decreased G + /G −  compared with NS treatments. Multivariate analysis revealed that  Gemmatimonas ,  Rudaea ,  Spingomonas ,  Pseudomonas ,  Dyella ,  Burkholderia ,  Clostridium ,  Pseudolabrys ,  Arcicella  and  Bacillus  were correlated with SOC, and cellulolytic bacteria ( Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, Rudaea  and  Bacillus ) and  Gemmationas  explained 55.3% and 12.4% of the variance in SOC, respectively. Structural equation modeling further indicated that tillage and residue managements affected SOC directly and indirectly through these cellulolytic bacteria and  Gemmationas . Our results suggest that  Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, Rudaea ,  Bacillus  and  Gemmationas  help to regulate SOC sequestration in topsoil under tillage and residue systems.

Tillage practices and straw-returning methods affect topsoil bacterial community and organic C under a rice-wheat cropping system in central China