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To explore the interaction of gut microbes and the host immune system, bacteria were isolated from the gut of  Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis  larvae.  Chryseobacterium  sp.,  Bacillus subtilis, Arthrobacter arilaitensis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus megaterium , and  Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus  were cultured  in vitro , identified, and injected in the hemocoel of  P. brevitarsis seulensis  larvae, respectively. There were no significant changes in phagocytosis-associated lysosomal formation or pathogen-related autophagosome in immune cells (granulocytes) from  Chryseobacterium  sp.-challenged larvae. Next, we examined changes in the transcription of innate immune genes such as peptidoglycan recognition proteins and antimicrobial peptides following infection with  Chryseobacterium  sp.  PGRP-1  and  -2  transcripts, which may be associated with melanization generated by prophenoloxidase (PPO), were either highly or moderately expressed at 24 h post-infection with  Chryseobacterium  sp. However,  PGRP-SC2  transcripts, which code for bactericidal amidases, were expressed at low levels. With respect to antimicrobial peptides, only coleoptericin was moderately expressed in  Chryseobacterium  sp.-challenged larvae, suggesting maintenance of an optimum number of  Chryseobacterium  sp. All examined genes were expressed at significantly higher levels in larvae challenged with a pathogenic bacterium. Our data demonstrated that gut-inhabiting bacteria, the  Chryseobacterium  sp., induced a weaker immune response than other pathogenic bacteria,  E. coli  K12.

Immune tolerance to an intestine-adapted bacteria, Chryseobacterium sp., injected into the hemocoel of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis