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Metabolic scaling theory (MST) posits that the scaling exponents among plant height  H , diameter  D,  and biomass  M  will covary across phyletically diverse species. However, the relationships between scaling exponents and normalization constants remain unclear. Therefore, we developed a predictive model for the covariation of  H ,  D , and stem volume  V  scaling relationships and used data from Chinese fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata ) in Jiangxi province, China to test it. As predicted by the model and supported by the data, normalization constants are positively correlated with their associated scaling exponents for  D  vs.  V  and  H  vs.  V , whereas normalization constants are negatively correlated with the scaling exponents of  H  vs.  D.  The prediction model also yielded reliable estimations of  V  (mean absolute percentage error = 10.5 ± 0.32 SE across 12 model calibrated sites). These results (1) support a totally new covariation scaling model, (2) indicate that differences in stem volume scaling relationships at the intra-specific level are driven by anatomical or ecophysiological responses to site quality and/or management practices, and (3) provide an accurate non-destructive method for predicting Chinese fir stem volume.

A predictive nondestructive model for the covariation of tree height, diameter and stem volume scaling relationships