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T1C-19 is newly developed transgenic rice active against lepidopteran pests, and expresses a synthesized  cry1C  gene driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter. The brown planthopper,  Nilaparvata lugens , is a major non-target pest of rice, and the rove beetle ( Paederus fuscipes ) is a generalist predator of  N. lugens  nymphs. As  P. fuscipes  may be exposed to the Cry1C protein through preying on  N. lugens , it is essential to assess the potential effects of transgenic  cry1C  rice on this predator. In this study, two experiments (a direct feeding experiment and a tritrophic experiment) were conducted to evaluate the ecological risk of  cry1C  rice to  P. fuscipes . No significant negative effects were observed in the development, survival, female ratio and body weight of  P. fuscipes  in both treatments of direct exposure to elevated doses of Cry1C protein and prey-mediated exposure to realistic doses of the protein. This indicated that  cry1C  rice had no detrimental effects on  P. fuscipes . This work represents the first study of an assessment continuum for the effects of transgenic  cry1C  rice on  P. fuscipes . Use of the rove beetle as an indicator species to assess potential effects of genetically modified crops on non-target arthropods is feasible.

No impact of transgenic cry1C rice on the rove beetle Paederus fuscipes, a generalist predator of brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens