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An increasing number of studies have investigated the effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on microbial systems; however, few existing reports have focused on the defense mechanisms of bacteria against NPs. Whether secondary metabolism biosynthesis is a response to NP stress and contributes to the adaption of bacteria to NPs is unclear. Here, a significant induction in the surfactin production and biofilm formation were detected by adding Al 2 O 3  NPs to the  B. subtilis  fermentation broth. Physiological analysis showed that Al 2 O 3  NP stress could also affect the cell and colony morphogenesis and inhibit the motility and sporulation. Exogenously adding commercial surfactin restored the swarming motility. Additionally, a suite of toxicity assays analyzing membrane damage, cellular ROS generation, electron transport activity and membrane potential was used to determine the molecular mechanisms of toxicity of Al 2 O 3  NPs. Furthermore, whole transcriptomic analysis was used to elucidate the mechanisms of  B. subtilis  adaption to Al 2 O 3  NPs. These results revealed several mechanisms by which marine  B. subtilis  C01 adapt to Al 2 O 3  NPs. Additionally, this study broadens the applications of nanomaterials and describes the important effects on secondary metabolism and multicellularity regulation by using Al 2 O 3  NPs or other nano-products.

Physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal mechanistic insight into the adaption of marine Bacillus subtilis C01 to alumina nanoparticles