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MiR399 and its target  PHOSPHATE2 (PHO2 ) play pivotal roles in phosphate signaling in plants. Loss of function mutation in  PHO2  leads to excessive Pi accumulation in shoots and growth retardation in diploid plants like  Arabidopsis thaliana  and rice ( Oryza sativa ). Here we isolated three  PHO2  homologous genes  TaPHO2-A1 , - B1  and - D1  from hexaploid wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). These  TaPHO2  genes all contained miR399-binding sites and were able to be degraded by tae-miR399.  TaPHO2-D1  was expressed much more abundantly than  TaPHO2-A1  and - B1 . The ion beam-induced deletion mutants were used to analyze the effects of  TaPHO2s  on phosphorus uptake and plant growth. The  tapho2-a1, tapho2-b1  and  tapho2-d1  mutants all had significant higher leaf Pi concentrations than did the wild type, with  tapho2-d1  having the strongest effect, and  tapho2-b1  the weakest. Two consecutive field experiments showed that knocking out  TaPHO2-D1  reduced plant height and grain yield under both low and high phosphorus conditions. However, knocking out  TaPHO2-A1  significantly increased phosphorus uptake and grain yield under low phosphorus conditions, with no adverse effect on grain yield under high phosphorus conditions. Our results indicated that  TaPHO2s  involved in phosphorus uptake and translocation, and molecular engineering  TaPHO2  shows potential in improving wheat yield with less phosphorus fertilizer.

Knock out of the PHOSPHATE 2 Gene TaPHO2-A1 Improves Phosphorus Uptake and Grain Yield under Low Phosphorus Conditions in Common Wheat