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Gene regulatory networks involved in flowering time and photoperiodic responses in legumes remain unknown. Although the major maturity gene  E1  has been successfully deciphered in soybean, knowledge on the functional conservation of this gene is limited to a certain extent to  E1  homologs in legumes. The ectopic expression of  Phvul.009G204600  ( PvE1L ), an  E1  homolog from common bean, delayed the onset of flowering in soybean. By contrast, the ectopic expression of  Medtr2g058520  ( MtE1L ) from  Medicago truncatula  did not affect the flowering of soybean. Characterization of the late-flowering  mte1l  mutant indicated that  MtE1L  promoted flowering in  Medicago truncatula . Moreover, all transgenic  E1 ,  PvE1L  and  MtE1L  soybean lines exhibited phenotypic changes in terms of plant height. Transgenic  E1  or  PvE1L  plants were taller than the wild-type, whereas transgenic  MtE1L  plants produced dwarf phenotype with few nodes and short internode. Thus, functional conservation and diversification of  E1  family genes from legumes in the regulation of flowering and plant growth may be associated with lineage specification and genomic duplication.

Functional conservation and diversification of the soybean maturity gene E1 and its homologs in legumes