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A new method capable of capturing coherent electric field structurespropagating at nearly the speed of light in plasma with a time resolution assmall as a few femtoseconds is proposed. This method uses a few femtosecondslong relativistic electron bunch to probe the wake produced in a plasma by anintense laser pulse or an ultra-short relativistic charged particle beam. Asthe probe bunch traverses the wake, its momentum is modulated by the electricfield of the wake, leading to a density variation of the probe after free-spacepropagation. This variation of probe density produces a snapshot of the wakethat can directly give many useful information of the wake structure and itsevolution. Furthermore, this snapshot allows detailed mapping of thelongitudinal and transverse components of the wakefield. We develop atheoretical model for field reconstruction and verify it using 3-dimensionalparticle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. This model can accurately reconstruct thewakefield structure in the linear regime, and it can also qualitatively map themajor features of nonlinear wakes. The capturing of the injection in anonlinear wake is demonstrated through 3D PIC simulations as an example of theapplications of this new method.

Capturing relativistic wake eld structures in plasmas using ultrashort high-energy electrons as a probe