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Rice paddies are a major source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions, especially under alternate wetting-drying irrigation and high N input. Increasing photosynthate allocation to the grain in rice ( Oryza sativa  L.) has been identified as an effective strategy of genetic and agronomic innovation for yield enhancement; however, its impacts on N 2 O emissions are still unknown. We conducted three independent but complementary experiments (variety, mutant study, and spikelet clipping) to examine the impacts of rice plant photosynthate allocation on paddy N 2 O emissions. The three experiments showed that N 2 O fluxes were significantly and negatively correlated with the ratio of grain yield to total aboveground biomass, known as the harvest index (HI) in agronomy ( P  <  0.01 ). Biomass accumulation and N uptake after anthesis were significantly and positively correlated with HI ( P  <  0.05 ). Reducing photosynthate allocation to the grain by spikelet clipping significantly increased white root biomass and soil dissolved organic C and reduced plant N uptake, resulting in high soil denitrification potential ( P  <  0.05 ). Our findings demonstrate that optimizing photosynthate allocation to the grain can reduce paddy N 2 O emissions through decreasing belowground C input and increasing plant N uptake, suggesting the potential for genetic and agronomic efforts to produce more rice with less N 2 O emissions.

Optimizing rice plant photosynthate allocation reduces N2O emissions from paddy fields