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We aimed to identify novel molecular mechanisms for muscle growth during administration of anabolic agents. Growing pigs (Duroc/(Landrace/Large-White)) were administered Ractopamine (a beta-adrenergic agonist; BA; 20 ppm in feed) or Reporcin (recombinant growth hormone; GH; 10 mg/48 hours injected) and compared to a control cohort (feed only; no injections) over a 27-day time course (1, 3, 7, 13 or 27-days).  Longissimus Dorsi  muscle gene expression was analyzed using Agilent porcine transcriptome microarrays and clusters of genes displaying similar expression profiles were identified using a modified maSigPro clustering algorithm. Anabolic agents increased carcass ( p  = 0.002) and muscle weights ( Vastus Lateralis :  p  < 0.001;  Semitendinosus: p  = 0.075). Skeletal muscle mRNA expression of serine/one-carbon/glycine biosynthesis pathway genes ( Phgdh ,  Psat1  and  Psph ) and the gluconeogenic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-M ( Pck2 /PEPCK-M), increased during treatment with BA, and to a lesser extent GH ( p  < 0.001, treatment x time interaction). Treatment with BA, but not GH, caused a 2-fold increase in phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) protein expression at days 3 ( p  < 0.05) and 7 ( p  < 0.01), and a 2-fold increase in PEPCK-M protein expression at day 7 ( p  < 0.01). BA treated pigs exhibit a profound increase in expression of PHGDH and PEPCK-M in skeletal muscle, implicating a role for biosynthetic metabolic pathways in muscle growth.

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Mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-M) and serine biosynthetic pathway genes are co-ordinately increased during anabolic agent-induced skeletal muscle growth