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Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) play a key role in plant triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. Two type 1 and 2 DGATs from soybean were characterized for their functions in TAG biosynthesis and physiological roles.  GmDGAT1A  is highly expressed in seeds while  GmDGAT2D  is mainly expressed in flower tissues. They showed different expression patterns in response to biotic and abiotic stresses.  GmDGAT2D  was up-regulated by cold and heat stress and ABA signaling, and repressed by insect biting and jasmonate, whereas  GmDGAT1A  show fewer responses. Both GmDGAT1A and GmDGAT2D were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and complemented the TAG deficiency of a yeast mutant H1246.  GmDGAT2D -transgenic hairy roots synthesized more 18:2- or 18:1-TAG, whereas  GmDGAT1A  prefers to use 18:3-acyl CoA for TAG synthesis. Overexpression of both  GmDGAT s in Arabidopsis seeds enhanced the TAG production;  GmDGAT2D  promoted 18:2-TAG in wild-type but enhanced 18:1-TAG production in  rod1  mutant seeds, with a decreased 18:3-TAG. However, GmDGAT1A enhanced 18:3-TAG and reduced 20:1-TAG contents. The different substrate preferences of two DGATs may confer diverse fatty acid profiles in soybean oils. While GmDGAT1A may play a role in usual seed TAG production and GmDGAT2D is also involved in usual TAG biosynthesis in other tissues in responses to environmental and hormonal cues.

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Two types of soybean diacylglycerol acyltransferases are differentially involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis and response to environmental stresses and hormones