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Flour beetles of the genus  Tribolium  Macleay (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) are important stored product pests in China and worldwide. They are often found or are intercepted in grain depots, flour mills, and entry-exit ports, etc. Traditionally,  Tribolium  species are identified according to the morphological characteristics of the adult. However, it is almost impossible to rapidly identify adult fragments and non-adult stages based on external morphological characteristics. Molecular techniques for the rapid and accurate identification of  Tribolium  species are required, particularly for pest monitoring and the quarantine of stored products pests. Here, we establish DNA barcoding, species-specific PCR, and real-time PCR techniques for the identification of six stored-product pest  Tribolium  species including  T. castaneum ,  T. confusum ,  T. destructor ,  T. madens ,  T. freemani  and  T. brevicornis . We detected the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) barcodes for  Tribolium  from 18 geographic populations and 101 individuals, built a  Tribolium  DNA barcode library, and designed species-specific primers and TaqMan probes for the above six  Tribolium  species. The three techniques were applied to identify  Tribolium  collected from stored samples and samples captured from quarantine ports. The results demonstrated that three techniques were all able to identify the six species of  Tribolium  both rapidly and accurately.

DNA barcoding, species-specific PCR and real-time PCR techniques for the identification of six Tribolium pests of stored products