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When infecting a host plant, the fungus  Fusarium oxysporum  secretes several effector proteins into the xylem tissue to promote virulence. However, in a host plant with an innate immune system involving analogous resistance proteins, the fungus effector proteins may trigger resistance, rather than promoting virulence. Identity of the effector genes of  Fusarium oxysporum  f. sp.  niveum  ( Fon ) races that affect watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) are currently unknown. In this study, the  SIX6  ( s ecreted  i n  x ylem protein 6) gene was identified in  Fon  races 0 and 1 but not in the more virulent  Fon  race 2. Disrupting the  FonSIX6  gene in  Fon  race 1 did not affect the sporulation or growth rate of the fungus but significantly enhanced  Fon  virulence in watermelon, suggesting that the mutant Δ Fon1SIX6  protein allowed evasion of R protein-mediated host resistance. Complementation of the wild-type race 2 (which lacks  FonSIX6 ) with  FonSIX6  reduced its virulence. These results provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that  FonSIX6  is an avirulence gene. The identification of FonSix6 as an avirulence factor may be a first step in understanding the mechanisms of  Fon  virulence and resistance in watermelon and further elucidating the role of Six6 in  Fusarium -plant interactions.

The FonSIX6 gene acts as an avirulence effector in the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum - watermelon pathosystem