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There have been debates on the driving factors of C 4  plant expansion, such as  P CO 2  decline in the late Micocene and warmer climate and precipitation at large-scale modern ecosystems. These disputes are mainly due to the lack of direct evidence and extensive data analysis. Here we use mass flora data to explore the driving factors of C 4  distribution and divergent patterns for different C 4  taxa at continental scale in China. The results display that it is mean annual climate variables driving C 4  distribution at present-day vegetation. Mean annual temperature is the critical restriction of total C 4  plants and the precipitation gradients seem to have much less impact. Grass and sedge C 4  plants are largely restricted to mean annual temperature and precipitation respectively, while Chenopod C 4  plants are strongly restricted by aridity in China. Separate regression analysis can succeed to detect divergences of climate distribution patterns of C 4  taxa at global scale.

Climate-driven C4 plant distributions in China: divergence in C4 taxa