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Sucrose is not only the carbon source for starch synthesis, but also a signal molecule. Alone or in coordination with ABA, it can regulate the expression of genes involved in starch synthesis. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect, maize endosperms were collected from  Zea mays  L. B73 inbred line 10 d after pollination and treated with sucrose, ABA, or sucrose plus ABA at 28 °C in the dark for 24 h. RNA-sequence analysis of the maize endosperm transcriptome revealed 47 candidate transcription factors among the differentially expressed genes. We therefore speculate that starch synthetic gene expression is regulated by transcription factors induced by the combination of sucrose and ABA.  ZmEREB156 , a candidate transcription factor, is induced by sucrose plus ABA and is involved in starch biosynthesis. The  ZmEREB156 -GFP-fused protein was localized in the nuclei of onion epidermal cells, and  ZmEREB156  protein possessed strong transcriptional activation activity. Promoter activity of the starch-related genes  Zmsh 2 and  ZmSSIIIa  increased after overexpression of  ZmEREB156  in maize endosperm.  ZmEREB156  could bind to the  ZmSSIIIa  promoter but not the  Zmsh2  promoter in a yeast one-hybrid system. Thus,  ZmEREB156  positively modulates starch biosynthetic gene  ZmSSIIIa  via the synergistic effect of sucrose and ABA.

Sucrose and ABA regulate starch biosynthesis in maize through a novel transcription factor, ZmEREB156