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Butyrate has been used to treat different inflammatory disease with positive outcomes, the mechanisms by which butyrate exerts its anti-inflammatory effects remain largely undefined. Here we proposed a new mechanism that butyrate manipulate endogenous host defense peptides (HDPs) which contributes to the elimination of  Escherichia coli  O157:H7, and thus affects the alleviation of inflammation. An experiment in piglets treated with butyrate (0.2% of diets) 2 days before  E. coli  O157:H7 challenge was designed to investigate porcine HDP expression, inflammation and  E. coli  O157:H7 load in feces. The mechanisms underlying butyrate-induced HDP gene expression and the antibacterial activity and bacterial clearance of macrophage 3D4/2 cells  in vitro  were examined. Butyrate treatment ( i ) alleviated the clinical symptoms of  E. coli  O157:H7-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and the severity of intestinal inflammation; ( ii ) reduced the  E. coli  O157:H7 load in feces; ( iii ) significantly upregulated multiple, but not all, HDPs  in vitro  and  in vivo  via histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition; and ( iv ) enhanced the antibacterial activity and bacterial clearance of 3D4/2 cells. Our findings indicate that butyrate enhances disease resistance, promotes the clearance of  E. coli  O157:H7, and alleviates the clinical symptoms of HUS and inflammation, partially, by affecting HDP expression via HDAC inhibition.

Butyrate upregulates endogenous host defense peptides to enhance disease resistance in piglets via histone deacetylase inhibition