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Light localization due to random imperfections in periodic media is paramountin photonics research. The group index is known to be a key parameter forlocalization near photonic band edges, since small group velocities reinforcelight interaction with imperfections. Here, we show that the size of thesmallest localized mode that is formed at the band edge of a one-dimensionalperiodic medium is driven instead by the effective photon mass, i.e. theflatness of the dispersion curve. Our theoretical prediction is supported bynumerical simulations, which reveal that photonic-crystal waveguides canexhibit surprisingly small localized modes, much smaller than those observed inBragg stacks thanks to their larger effective photon mass. This possibility isdemonstrated experimentally with a photonic-crystal waveguide fabricatedwithout any intentional disorder, for which near-field measurements allow us todistinctly observe a wavelength-scale localized mode despite the smallness($\sim 1/1000$ of a wavelength) of the fabrication imperfections.

Lower bound for the spatial extent of localized modes in photonic-crystal waveguides with small random imperfections