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Most common plant oils have little α-linolenic acid (C18:3 Δ9,12,15 , ALA) and an unhealthy ω6/ω3 ratio. Here, fatty acids (FAs) in the seeds of 11 species of  Paeonia  L., including 10 tree peony and one herbaceous species, were explored using gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer. Results indicated that all  Paeonia  had a ω6/ω3 ratio less than 1.0, and high amounts of ALA (26.7–50%), oleic acid (C18:1 Δ9 , OA) (20.8–46%) and linoleic acid (C18:2 Δ9,12 , LA) (10–38%). ALA was a dominant component in oils of seven subsection  Vaginatae  species, whereas OA was predominant in two subsection  Delavayanae  species. LA was a subdominant oil component in  P. ostii  and  P. obovata . Moreover, the FA composition and distribution of embryo (22 FAs), endosperm (14 FAs) and seed coat (6 FAs) in  P. ostii ,  P. rockii  and  P. ludlowii  were first reported. Peony species, particularly  P. decomposita  and  P. rockii , can be excellent plant resources for edible oil because they provide abundant ALA to balance the ω6/ω3 ratio. The differences in the ALA, LA and OA content proportion also make the peony species a good system for detailed investigation of FA biosynthesis pathway and ALA accumulation.

Fatty acid profile in the seeds and seed tissues of Paeonia L. species as new oil plant resources