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Not much is known about the mechanism of endophyte-mediated induction of secondary metabolite production in  Catharanthus roseus . In the present study two fungal endophytes,  Curvularia  sp. CATDLF5 and  Choanephora infundibulifera  CATDLF6 were isolated from the leaves of the plant that were found to enhance vindoline content by 229–403%. The isolated endophytes did not affect the primary metabolism of the plant as the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII, net CO 2  assimilation, plant biomass and starch content of endophyte-inoculated plants was similar to endophyte-free control plants. Expression of terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) pathway genes, geraniol 10-hydroxylase ( G10H ), tryptophan decarboxylase ( TDC ), strictosidine synthase ( STR ), 16-hydoxytabersonine- O -methyltransferase ( 16OMT ), desacetoxyvindoline-4-hydroxylase ( D4H ), deacetylvindoline-4- O -acetyltransferase ( DAT ) were upregulated in endophyte-inoculated plants. Endophyte inoculation upregulated the expression of the gene for transcriptional activator octadecanoid-responsive Catharanthus AP2-domain protein ( ORCA3 ) and downregulated the expression of Cys2/His2-type zinc finger protein family transcriptional repressors ( ZCTs ). The gene for the vacuolar class III peroxidase ( PRX1 ), responsible for coupling vindoline and catharanthine, was upregulated in endophyte-inoculated plants. These endophytes may enhance vindoline production by modulating the expression of key structural and regulatory genes of vindoline biosynthesis without affecting the primary metabolism of the host plant.

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Fungal endophytes of Catharanthus roseus enhance vindoline content by modulating structural and regulatory genes related to terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis