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Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is associated with inadequate diet, low levels of plasma antioxidants and gut microbiota alterations. The link between gut redox and microbial alterations, however, remains unexplored. By sequencing the gut microbiomes of 79 children of varying nutritional status from three centers in Senegal and Niger, we found a dramatic depletion of obligate anaerobes in malnutrition. This was confirmed in an individual patient data meta-analysis including 107 cases and 77 controls from 5 different African and Asian countries. Specifically, several species of the  Bacteroidaceae ,  Eubacteriaceae ,  Lachnospiraceae  and  Ruminococceae  families were consistently depleted while  Enterococcus faecalis ,  Escherichia coli  and  Staphylococcus aureus  were consistently enriched. Further analyses on our samples revealed increased fecal redox potential, decreased total bacterial number and dramatic  Methanobrevibacter smithii  depletion. Indeed,  M. smithii  was detected in more than half of the controls but in none of the cases. No causality was demonstrated but, based on our results, we propose a unifying theory linking microbiota specificity, lacking anaerobes and archaea, to low antioxidant nutrients, and lower food conversion.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Increased Gut Redox and Depletion of Anaerobic and Methanogenic Prokaryotes in Severe Acute Malnutrition