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upa20  induces cell enlargement and hypertrophy development. In our research, overexpression of  SlUPA-like , orthologous to  upa20 , severely affected the growth of vegetative and reproductive tissues. Wilted leaves curled upwardly and sterile flowers were found in transgenic lines. Through anatomical analysis, palisade and spongy tissues showed fluffy and hypertrophic development in transgenic plants. Gene expression analysis showed that GA responsive, biosynthetic and signal transduction genes (e.g.  GAST1 ,  SlGA20OXs, SlGA3OXs ,  SlGID1s , and  SlPREs ) were significantly upregulated, indicating that GA response is stimulated by overproduction of  SlUPA-like . Furthermore,  SlUPA-like  was strongly induced by exogenous JA and wounding. Decreased expression of  PI-I  and induced expression of  SlJAZs  (including  SlJAZ2 ,  SlJAZ10  and  SlJAZ11 ) were observed in transgenic plants, suggesting that JA response is repressed. In addition,  SlUPA-like  overexpressed plant exhibited more opened stoma and higher water loss than the control when treated with dehydration stress, which was related to decreased ABA biosynthesis, signal transduction and response. Particularly, abnormal developments of transgenic plants promote the plant susceptibility to  Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris . Therefore, it is deduced from these results that  SlUPA-like  plays vital role in regulation of plant development and stress tolerance through GA, JA and ABA pathways.

Overexpression of SlUPA-like induces cell enlargement, aberrant development and low stress tolerance through phytohormonal pathway in tomato