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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have important roles in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. During viral infection, viruses utilize hosts to enhance their replication by altering cellular miRNAs. The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway plays crucial roles in the antiviral responses. In this study, two miRNAs (miR-9041 and miR-9850) from  Macrobrachium rosenbergii  were found to promote white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) replication. The up-regulation of miR-9041 or miR-9850 suppresses  STAT  expression in the gills of  M. rosenbergii , which subsequently down-regulates the expression of its downstream dynamin ( Dnm ) genes:  Dnm1 ,  Dnm2 , and  Dnm3 . Knockdown of miR-9041 and miR-9850 restricts WSSV replication by up-regulating  STAT  and  Dnm  gene expression. The silencing of  STAT ,  Dnm1 ,  Dnm2 , or  Dnm3  led to an increase of the number of WSSV copies in shrimp. The injection of recombinant Dnm1, Dnm2, or Dnm3 proteins could inhibit WSSV replication  in vivo . Overall, our research indicates the roles of host miRNAs in the enhancement of WSSV replication by regulating the host JAK/STAT pathway.

Two host microRNAs influence WSSV replication via STAT gene regulation