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Approximately 140 million years ago, the Indian plate separated from Gondwana and migrated by almost 90° latitude to its current location, forming the Himalayan-Tibetan system. Large discrepancies exist in the rate of migration of Indian plate during Phanerozoic. Here we describe a new approach to paleo-latitudinal reconstruction based on simultaneous determination of carbonate formation temperature and δ 18 O of soil carbonates, constrained by the abundances of  13 C- 18 O bonds in palaeosol carbonates. Assuming that the palaeosol carbonates have a strong relationship with the composition of the meteoric water, δ 18 O carbonate of palaeosol can constrain paleo-latitudinal position. Weighted mean annual rainfall δ 18 O water values measured at several stations across the southern latitudes are used to derive a polynomial equation: δ 18 Ow = −0.006 × (LAT) 2  − 0.294 × (LAT) − 5.29 which is used for latitudinal reconstruction. We use this approach to show the northward migration of the Indian plate from 46.8 ± 5.8°S during the Permian (269 M.y.) to 30 ± 11°S during the Triassic (248 M.y.), 14.7 ± 8.7°S during the early Cretaceous (135 M.y.), and 28 ± 8.8°S during the late Cretaceous (68 M.y.). Soil carbonate δ 18 O provides an alternative method for tracing the latitudinal position of Indian plate in the past and the estimates are consistent with the paleo-magnetic records which document the position of Indian plate prior to 135 ± 3 M.y.

Tracking the migration of the Indian continent using the carbonate clumped isotope technique on Phanerozoic soil carbonates